. "Operation Black Buck"@en . "Pendant la guerre des Malouines, les op\u00E9rations Black Buck 1 \u00E0 Black Buck 7 furent une s\u00E9rie de missions de bombardements \u00E0 tr\u00E8s longue distance r\u00E9alis\u00E9es par des bombardiers Vulcan de la Royal Air Force contre des installations sur les \u00EEles Malouines."@fr . "During the 1982 Falklands War, Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were a series of seven extremely long-range ground attack missions by Royal Air Force Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from 44 Squadron, 50 Squadron, 101 Squadron planned against Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands, of which five missions actually completed attacks on the Falklands. The objectives of all missions were to attack Port Stanley airfield and its associated defences. The Operation Black Buck raids were staged from RAF Ascension Island, close to the equator. The aircraft carried either twenty-one 1,000 lb bombs internally or two or four Shrike anti-radar missiles externally. The overall effect of the raids on the war is difficult to determine. The raids did minimal damage to the runway and damage to radars was quickly repaired. Commonly dismissed as post-war propaganda, Argentine sources originally claimed that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw some of their Dassault Mirage III fighter aircraft from the Southern Argentina Defence Zone to the Buenos Aires Defence Zone. This dissuasive effect was however watered down when British officials made clear that there would be no strikes on air bases in Argentina. It has been suggested that the Black Buck raids were pressed home by the Royal Air Force because the British armed forces had been cut in the late seventies and the RAF may have desired a greater role in the conflict to prevent further cuts. A single crater was produced on the runway, rendering it impossible for the airfield to be used by fast jets. Argentine ground crew repaired the runway within twenty-four hours, to a level of quality suitable for the C-130 Hercules transport and Aermacchi MB-339 light attack jet. Many sources claim that fake craters confounded British damage assessment; however, the British were well aware that the runway remained in use by C-130 military transport aircraft and IA 58 Pucar\u00E1 ground-attack aircraft. The Vulcan lacked the range to fly to the Falklands without refuelling several times, as it had been designed for medium-range stand-off nuclear missions in Europe. The RAF's tanker planes were mostly converted Handley Page Victor bombers with similar range, so they too had to be refuelled in the air. A total of 11 tankers were required for two Vulcans, a huge logistical effort as all aircraft had to use the same strip. The raids, at almost 6,800 nautical miles (12,600 km) and 16 hours for the return journey, were the longest-ranged bombing raids in history at that time (surpassed in the Gulf War of 1991 by USAF Boeing B-52G Stratofortresses flying from the continental United States but using forward-positioned tankers). Of the five Black Buck raids flown to completion, three were against Stanley Airfield's runway and operational facilities, and the other two were anti-radar missions using Shrike anti-radiation missiles against defences in the Port Stanley area."@en . "\u30D6\u30E9\u30C3\u30AF\u30FB\u30D0\u30C3\u30AF\u4F5C\u6226\uFF08Operation Black Buck\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30AF\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u7D1B\u4E89\u306B\u304A\u3044\u30661982\u5E745\u67081\u65E5\u304B\u30896\u670812\u65E5\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30AF\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u8AF8\u5CF6\u3067\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u30A2\u30EB\u30BC\u30F3\u30C1\u30F3\u8ECD\u306B\u5BFE\u3059\u308B\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u8ECD\u306E\u7A7A\u8972\u4F5C\u6226\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "Operation Black Buck"@de . . . "I raid dell'Operazione Black Buck, condotti nel 1982 durante la guerra delle Falkland, comprendevano una serie di attacchi sulle Isole Falkland da parte dei bombardieri Avro Vulcan del No. 44 Squadron RAF, lanciati dalla base britannica sull'Isola di Ascensione, vicino all'Equatore. Gli aerei trasportavano 21 bombe da 1000 libbre (454 kg) ciascuna nella stiva interna, oppure quattro missili anti-radar AGM-45 Shrike esternamente. Le operazioni richiesero il consumo di ingenti quantit\u00E0 di carburante.Secondo alcuni calcoli, sganciare ventuno bombe su Port Stanley sarebbe costato \"un milione e centomila libbre di carburante, equivalenti a circa 137.000 galloni\" [approssimativamente 518.000 litri], e tuttavia il reale impatto complessivo dei raid sull'andamento del conflitto \u00E8 difficile da accertare. Le incursioni arrecarono un danno minimo alla pista, che fu riparato in fretta. Le fonti argentine, di solito liquidate come propaganda postbellica, furono in origine la fonte di voci secondo cui sarebbero stati i bombardamenti dei Vulcan a spingere l'Argentina a ritirare i Dassault Mirage III dalla parte sud del Paese alla zona di difesa di Buenos Aires. Questo effetto dissuasivo fu per\u00F2 reso inutile quando autorit\u00E0 britanniche chiarirono che non ci sarebbero stati attacchi ad aeroporti militari sul territorio nazionale argentino. Inoltre \u00E8 stato suggerito che i raid Black Buck siano stati enfatizzati \"ad arte\" dalla Royal Air Force visto che le Forze Armate di Sua Maest\u00E0 avevano subito dei tagli di bilancio alla fine degli anni Settanta e la RAF avrebbe desiderato giocare un ruolo maggiore nel conflitto per evitare ulteriori tagli. Sulla pista fu prodotto un solo cratere, che per\u00F2 rese impossibile l'uso di jet veloci su quell'aeroporto. Gli specialisti argentini ripararono la pista in ventiquattr'ore, ma solo a un livello di efficienza adatto ai C-130 Hercules e agli Aermacchi MB-339. Molte fonti sostengono che falsi crateri abbiano confuso l'accertamento dei danni da parte dei britannici, che tuttavia rimasero consci che la pista restava utilizzabile da parte di C-130 e FMA IA-58 Pucar\u00E1. Il Vulcan non aveva l'autonomia per raggiungere le Falkland senza fare rifornimento diverse volte, visto che era stato progettato per missioni di stand-off nucleare in Europa. Le aerocisterne della RAF erano per lo pi\u00F9 dei bombardieri Handley-Page Victor con un raggio d'azione analogo, per cui necessitavano a loro volta di essere rifornite in volo. Cos\u00EC, per un totale di due soli Vulcan servivano undici aerocisterne: uno sforzo logistico enorme, dato che sia i bombardieri che le aerocisterne usavano la stessa pista. L'attacco produsse un solo colpo a segno sulla pista.I raid, con un volo di ritorno lungo quasi 16 ore, a quei tempi furono le missioni di bombardamento pi\u00F9 lunghe della Storia (superati nella Guerra del Golfo del 1991 dai B-52G dell'USAF che decollavano dagli Stati Uniti continentali ma che usavano aerocisterne in posizione avanzata). Dei cinque raid Black Buck, tre furono portati contro l'aeroporto militare di Stanley, e gli altri due erano missioni anti-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike."@it . . . . . . . "Pendant la guerre des Malouines, les op\u00E9rations Black Buck 1 \u00E0 Black Buck 7 furent une s\u00E9rie de missions de bombardements \u00E0 tr\u00E8s longue distance r\u00E9alis\u00E9es par des bombardiers Vulcan de la Royal Air Force contre des installations sur les \u00EEles Malouines."@fr . "Operaci\u00F3n Black Buck"@es . . . . . . . . "I raid dell'Operazione Black Buck, condotti nel 1982 durante la guerra delle Falkland, comprendevano una serie di attacchi sulle Isole Falkland da parte dei bombardieri Avro Vulcan del No. 44 Squadron RAF, lanciati dalla base britannica sull'Isola di Ascensione, vicino all'Equatore. Gli aerei trasportavano 21 bombe da 1000 libbre (454 kg) ciascuna nella stiva interna, oppure quattro missili anti-radar AGM-45 Shrike esternamente. Dei cinque raid Black Buck, tre furono portati contro l'aeroporto militare di Stanley, e gli altri due erano missioni anti-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike."@it . "\u30D6\u30E9\u30C3\u30AF\u30FB\u30D0\u30C3\u30AF\u4F5C\u6226\uFF08Operation Black Buck\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30AF\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u7D1B\u4E89\u306B\u304A\u3044\u30661982\u5E745\u67081\u65E5\u304B\u30896\u670812\u65E5\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30AF\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u8AF8\u5CF6\u3067\u884C\u308F\u308C\u305F\u30A2\u30EB\u30BC\u30F3\u30C1\u30F3\u8ECD\u306B\u5BFE\u3059\u308B\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u8ECD\u306E\u7A7A\u8972\u4F5C\u6226\u3002"@ja . . . "\u30D6\u30E9\u30C3\u30AF\u30FB\u30D0\u30C3\u30AF\u4F5C\u6226"@ja . "Durante la Guerra de las Malvinas en 1982, el Reino Unido dio el nombre en c\u00F3digo Operaci\u00F3n Black Buck (en ingl\u00E9s, Operation Black Buck), a la serie de siete misiones de extremadamente largo alcance encomendadas a los bombarderos Avro 698 Vulcan de la Real Fuerza A\u00E9rea (RAF), los que partiendo desde la isla Ascensi\u00F3n, atacaban las posiciones argentinas en las islas Malvinas. De estas siete misiones, solamente cinco fueron llevadas adelante. A cada una de esas misiones, se le dio un n\u00FAmero correlativo."@es . . . . . . . . . . . "Bei der Operation Black Buck handelte es sich um ein Unternehmen der Royal Air Force, bei dem zu Beginn des Falklandkrieges extrem weitf\u00FChrende Luftangriffe \u00FCber eine Entfernung von 6250 km gegen argentinische Stellungen auf den Falklandinseln von einer Basis auf Ascension aus gef\u00FChrt wurden. Insgesamt wurden im Zeitraum zwischen dem 1. Mai und dem 12. Juni 1982 sieben Fernangriffe durchgef\u00FChrt, bei denen jeweils zwei V-Bomber vom Typ Avro 698 Vulcan B.2 (eine Reserve) als Angriffsflugzeug und elf Handley Page HP 80 Victor K.2 (eine Reserve) als Tankflugzeug zum Einsatz kamen. Die Kapazit\u00E4ten reichten aber nicht, um zwei Angriffsflugzeuge in das Zielgebiet zu f\u00FChren. Die elf Tankflugzeuge begleiteten, sich gegenseitig betankend, den Bomber und flogen mit (fast) leeren Tanks zur\u00FCck zur Basis, wo sie erneut betankt wurden, um r\u00FCckkehrende Tanker in der Luft halten zu k\u00F6nnen. F\u00FCnf Tankflugzeuge flogen dann dem zur\u00FCckkehrenden Bomber entgegen, um ihn auf dem Heimweg zu unterst\u00FCtzen. W\u00E4hrend dieser Luftangriffe legte das Angriffsflugzeug teilweise mehr als 13.000 km zur\u00FCck. Diese Luftangriffe waren die weitreichendsten und l\u00E4ngsten milit\u00E4rische Luftoperationen, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt unternommen wurden. Der Rekord wurde erst von US-amerikanischen Luftoperationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg \u00FCberboten."@de . . . . . "During the 1982 Falklands War, Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were a series of seven extremely long-range ground attack missions by Royal Air Force Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from 44 Squadron, 50 Squadron, 101 Squadron planned against Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands, of which five missions actually completed attacks on the Falklands. The objectives of all missions were to attack Port Stanley airfield and its associated defences."@en . . "737146858"^^ . . . "Op\u00E9ration Black Buck"@fr . . . . . "417671"^^ . "Bei der Operation Black Buck handelte es sich um ein Unternehmen der Royal Air Force, bei dem zu Beginn des Falklandkrieges extrem weitf\u00FChrende Luftangriffe \u00FCber eine Entfernung von 6250 km gegen argentinische Stellungen auf den Falklandinseln von einer Basis auf Ascension aus gef\u00FChrt wurden. Diese Luftangriffe waren die weitreichendsten und l\u00E4ngsten milit\u00E4rische Luftoperationen, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt unternommen wurden. Der Rekord wurde erst von US-amerikanischen Luftoperationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg \u00FCberboten."@de . "Operazione Black Buck"@it . "Durante la Guerra de las Malvinas en 1982, el Reino Unido dio el nombre en c\u00F3digo Operaci\u00F3n Black Buck (en ingl\u00E9s, Operation Black Buck), a la serie de siete misiones de extremadamente largo alcance encomendadas a los bombarderos Avro 698 Vulcan de la Real Fuerza A\u00E9rea (RAF), los que partiendo desde la isla Ascensi\u00F3n, atacaban las posiciones argentinas en las islas Malvinas. De estas siete misiones, solamente cinco fueron llevadas adelante. A cada una de esas misiones, se le dio un n\u00FAmero correlativo."@es . . . . . .