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yago:WikicatAerialOperationsAndBattlesOfTheFalklandsWar yago:Wikicat20th-centuryConflicts yago:WikicatMilitaryOperationsOfTheFalklandsWar yago:Event100029378 yago:Operation100955060 yago:Operation114008806 yago:Conflict100958896 yago:Action114006945 yago:GroupAction101080366 yago:Abstraction100002137 dbpedia-owl:TelevisionShow schema:CreativeWork yago:State100024720 yago:YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity yago:PsychologicalFeature100023100 yago:Act100030358 yago:Activity100407535 yago:Attribute100024264
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Operation Black Buck Operation Black Buck Operación Black Buck ブラック・バック作戦 Opération Black Buck Operazione Black Buck
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Pendant la guerre des Malouines, les opérations Black Buck 1 à Black Buck 7 furent une série de missions de bombardements à très longue distance réalisées par des bombardiers Vulcan de la Royal Air Force contre des installations sur les îles Malouines. ブラック・バック作戦（Operation Black Buck）とはフォークランド紛争において1982年5月1日から6月12日にかけてフォークランド諸島で行われたアルゼンチン軍に対するイギリス軍の空襲作戦。 I raid dell'Operazione Black Buck, condotti nel 1982 durante la guerra delle Falkland, comprendevano una serie di attacchi sulle Isole Falkland da parte dei bombardieri Avro Vulcan del No. 44 Squadron RAF, lanciati dalla base britannica sull'Isola di Ascensione, vicino all'Equatore. Gli aerei trasportavano 21 bombe da 1000 libbre (454 kg) ciascuna nella stiva interna, oppure quattro missili anti-radar AGM-45 Shrike esternamente. Dei cinque raid Black Buck, tre furono portati contro l'aeroporto militare di Stanley, e gli altri due erano missioni anti-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike. During the 1982 Falklands War, Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were a series of seven extremely long-range ground attack missions by Royal Air Force Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from 44 Squadron, 50 Squadron, 101 Squadron planned against Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands, of which five missions actually completed attacks on the Falklands. The objectives of all missions were to attack Port Stanley airfield and its associated defences. Bei der Operation Black Buck handelte es sich um ein Unternehmen der Royal Air Force, bei dem zu Beginn des Falklandkrieges extrem weitführende Luftangriffe über eine Entfernung von 6250 km gegen argentinische Stellungen auf den Falklandinseln von einer Basis auf Ascension aus geführt wurden. Diese Luftangriffe waren die weitreichendsten und längsten militärische Luftoperationen, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt unternommen wurden. Der Rekord wurde erst von US-amerikanischen Luftoperationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg überboten. Durante la Guerra de las Malvinas en 1982, el Reino Unido dio el nombre en código Operación Black Buck (en inglés, Operation Black Buck), a la serie de siete misiones de extremadamente largo alcance encomendadas a los bombarderos Avro 698 Vulcan de la Real Fuerza Aérea (RAF), los que partiendo desde la isla Ascensión, atacaban las posiciones argentinas en las islas Malvinas. De estas siete misiones, solamente cinco fueron llevadas adelante. A cada una de esas misiones, se le dio un número correlativo.
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During the 1982 Falklands War, Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were a series of seven extremely long-range ground attack missions by Royal Air Force Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from 44 Squadron, 50 Squadron, 101 Squadron planned against Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands, of which five missions actually completed attacks on the Falklands. The objectives of all missions were to attack Port Stanley airfield and its associated defences. The Operation Black Buck raids were staged from RAF Ascension Island, close to the equator. The aircraft carried either twenty-one 1,000 lb bombs internally or two or four Shrike anti-radar missiles externally. The overall effect of the raids on the war is difficult to determine. The raids did minimal damage to the runway and damage to radars was quickly repaired. Commonly dismissed as post-war propaganda, Argentine sources originally claimed that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw some of their Dassault Mirage III fighter aircraft from the Southern Argentina Defence Zone to the Buenos Aires Defence Zone. This dissuasive effect was however watered down when British officials made clear that there would be no strikes on air bases in Argentina. It has been suggested that the Black Buck raids were pressed home by the Royal Air Force because the British armed forces had been cut in the late seventies and the RAF may have desired a greater role in the conflict to prevent further cuts. A single crater was produced on the runway, rendering it impossible for the airfield to be used by fast jets. Argentine ground crew repaired the runway within twenty-four hours, to a level of quality suitable for the C-130 Hercules transport and Aermacchi MB-339 light attack jet. Many sources claim that fake craters confounded British damage assessment; however, the British were well aware that the runway remained in use by C-130 military transport aircraft and IA 58 Pucará ground-attack aircraft. The Vulcan lacked the range to fly to the Falklands without refuelling several times, as it had been designed for medium-range stand-off nuclear missions in Europe. The RAF's tanker planes were mostly converted Handley Page Victor bombers with similar range, so they too had to be refuelled in the air. A total of 11 tankers were required for two Vulcans, a huge logistical effort as all aircraft had to use the same strip. The raids, at almost 6,800 nautical miles (12,600 km) and 16 hours for the return journey, were the longest-ranged bombing raids in history at that time (surpassed in the Gulf War of 1991 by USAF Boeing B-52G Stratofortresses flying from the continental United States but using forward-positioned tankers). Of the five Black Buck raids flown to completion, three were against Stanley Airfield's runway and operational facilities, and the other two were anti-radar missions using Shrike anti-radiation missiles against defences in the Port Stanley area. I raid dell'Operazione Black Buck, condotti nel 1982 durante la guerra delle Falkland, comprendevano una serie di attacchi sulle Isole Falkland da parte dei bombardieri Avro Vulcan del No. 44 Squadron RAF, lanciati dalla base britannica sull'Isola di Ascensione, vicino all'Equatore. Gli aerei trasportavano 21 bombe da 1000 libbre (454 kg) ciascuna nella stiva interna, oppure quattro missili anti-radar AGM-45 Shrike esternamente. Le operazioni richiesero il consumo di ingenti quantità di carburante.Secondo alcuni calcoli, sganciare ventuno bombe su Port Stanley sarebbe costato "un milione e centomila libbre di carburante, equivalenti a circa 137.000 galloni" [approssimativamente 518.000 litri], e tuttavia il reale impatto complessivo dei raid sull'andamento del conflitto è difficile da accertare. Le incursioni arrecarono un danno minimo alla pista, che fu riparato in fretta. Le fonti argentine, di solito liquidate come propaganda postbellica, furono in origine la fonte di voci secondo cui sarebbero stati i bombardamenti dei Vulcan a spingere l'Argentina a ritirare i Dassault Mirage III dalla parte sud del Paese alla zona di difesa di Buenos Aires. Questo effetto dissuasivo fu però reso inutile quando autorità britanniche chiarirono che non ci sarebbero stati attacchi ad aeroporti militari sul territorio nazionale argentino. Inoltre è stato suggerito che i raid Black Buck siano stati enfatizzati "ad arte" dalla Royal Air Force visto che le Forze Armate di Sua Maestà avevano subito dei tagli di bilancio alla fine degli anni Settanta e la RAF avrebbe desiderato giocare un ruolo maggiore nel conflitto per evitare ulteriori tagli. Sulla pista fu prodotto un solo cratere, che però rese impossibile l'uso di jet veloci su quell'aeroporto. Gli specialisti argentini ripararono la pista in ventiquattr'ore, ma solo a un livello di efficienza adatto ai C-130 Hercules e agli Aermacchi MB-339. Molte fonti sostengono che falsi crateri abbiano confuso l'accertamento dei danni da parte dei britannici, che tuttavia rimasero consci che la pista restava utilizzabile da parte di C-130 e FMA IA-58 Pucará. Il Vulcan non aveva l'autonomia per raggiungere le Falkland senza fare rifornimento diverse volte, visto che era stato progettato per missioni di stand-off nucleare in Europa. Le aerocisterne della RAF erano per lo più dei bombardieri Handley-Page Victor con un raggio d'azione analogo, per cui necessitavano a loro volta di essere rifornite in volo. Così, per un totale di due soli Vulcan servivano undici aerocisterne: uno sforzo logistico enorme, dato che sia i bombardieri che le aerocisterne usavano la stessa pista. L'attacco produsse un solo colpo a segno sulla pista.I raid, con un volo di ritorno lungo quasi 16 ore, a quei tempi furono le missioni di bombardamento più lunghe della Storia (superati nella Guerra del Golfo del 1991 dai B-52G dell'USAF che decollavano dagli Stati Uniti continentali ma che usavano aerocisterne in posizione avanzata). Dei cinque raid Black Buck, tre furono portati contro l'aeroporto militare di Stanley, e gli altri due erano missioni anti-radar con missili anti-radiazione Shrike. Pendant la guerre des Malouines, les opérations Black Buck 1 à Black Buck 7 furent une série de missions de bombardements à très longue distance réalisées par des bombardiers Vulcan de la Royal Air Force contre des installations sur les îles Malouines. ブラック・バック作戦（Operation Black Buck）とはフォークランド紛争において1982年5月1日から6月12日にかけてフォークランド諸島で行われたアルゼンチン軍に対するイギリス軍の空襲作戦。 Durante la Guerra de las Malvinas en 1982, el Reino Unido dio el nombre en código Operación Black Buck (en inglés, Operation Black Buck), a la serie de siete misiones de extremadamente largo alcance encomendadas a los bombarderos Avro 698 Vulcan de la Real Fuerza Aérea (RAF), los que partiendo desde la isla Ascensión, atacaban las posiciones argentinas en las islas Malvinas. De estas siete misiones, solamente cinco fueron llevadas adelante. A cada una de esas misiones, se le dio un número correlativo. Bei der Operation Black Buck handelte es sich um ein Unternehmen der Royal Air Force, bei dem zu Beginn des Falklandkrieges extrem weitführende Luftangriffe über eine Entfernung von 6250 km gegen argentinische Stellungen auf den Falklandinseln von einer Basis auf Ascension aus geführt wurden. Insgesamt wurden im Zeitraum zwischen dem 1. Mai und dem 12. Juni 1982 sieben Fernangriffe durchgeführt, bei denen jeweils zwei V-Bomber vom Typ Avro 698 Vulcan B.2 (eine Reserve) als Angriffsflugzeug und elf Handley Page HP 80 Victor K.2 (eine Reserve) als Tankflugzeug zum Einsatz kamen. Die Kapazitäten reichten aber nicht, um zwei Angriffsflugzeuge in das Zielgebiet zu führen. Die elf Tankflugzeuge begleiteten, sich gegenseitig betankend, den Bomber und flogen mit (fast) leeren Tanks zurück zur Basis, wo sie erneut betankt wurden, um rückkehrende Tanker in der Luft halten zu können. Fünf Tankflugzeuge flogen dann dem zurückkehrenden Bomber entgegen, um ihn auf dem Heimweg zu unterstützen. Während dieser Luftangriffe legte das Angriffsflugzeug teilweise mehr als 13.000 km zurück. Diese Luftangriffe waren die weitreichendsten und längsten militärische Luftoperationen, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt unternommen wurden. Der Rekord wurde erst von US-amerikanischen Luftoperationen im Zweiten Golfkrieg überboten.
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